Select the TRUE statement regarding algae. Up to this point, only energyânot electronsâhas been transferred between molecules. Additionally, other bacteria and archaea use alternative systems for CO2 fixation. The carbon comes from CO2, the gas that is a waste product of cellular respiration. (a) Photosynthesis in eukaryotes takes place in chloroplasts, which contain thylakoids stacked into grana. The two products of the light-dependent reactions are NADPH and ATP. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Lipid A: - Anchors LPS in outer membrane - Alerts immune system to Gram-negative bacteria Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or thiosulfate [latex]\left({\text{S}}_{2}\text{O}_{3}^{2-}\right)[/latex] can serve as the electron donor, generating elemental sulfur and sulfate [latex]\left({\text{SO}}_{4}^{2-}\right)[/latex] ions, respectively, as a result. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Although photosynthesis is most commonly associated with plants, microbial photosynthesis is also a significant supplier of chemical energy, fueling many diverse ecosystems. Remember Learning Outcome: 24.11 Briefly summarize both the sulfur and phosphorus cycles. (a) PSI and PSII are found on the thylakoid membrane. ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and plant and/or animal microflora). Carbon dioxide and water are reactants in cellular respiration and products of photosynthesis. Which are two products of the light-dependent reactions? The ETS is similar to that used in cellular respiration and is embedded within the photosynthetic membrane. It is an exothermic reaction B.It is a endothermic reaction ***** C.It produces carbon dioxide D. It occurs in animals 2) Atomic Theory is A.Subject to change if new information is discovered B.A solution to the problem of differing isotopes C.Unchangeable ******* D.A … Because photosynthetic bacteria commonly grow in competition for sunlight, each type of photosynthetic bacteria is optimized for harvesting the wavelengths of light to which it is commonly exposed, leading to stratification of microbial communities in aquatic and soil ecosystems by light quality and penetration. Photosystems have been classified into two types: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) (Figure 5). Select one: a. The excited PSI reaction center electron is used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and is replaced by the electron exiting the ETS. In prokaryotes, hydrogen ions are pumped by the electron transport system of photosynthetic membranes toward the inside (cytoplasm) of the cell. Both respiration and fermentation use organic molecules. Within the chloroplast is a third membrane that forms stacked, disc-shaped photosynthetic structures called thylak… These include several prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Which of the following is not a true statement about ATP a. ATP consists of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups b. ADP is produced when when ATP releases energy c. ATP provides energy for for the mechanical function of . Kranz leaf anatomy refers to the presence of two photosynthetic cell types namely bundle sheath (BS) cells and mesophyll (M) cells and is the characteristic of C 4 plants. âEnhanced Translation of a Chloroplast-Expressed, https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/8-6-photosynthesis, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe the function and locations of photosynthetic pigments in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, Describe the major products of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, Describe the reactions that produce glucose in a photosynthetic cell, Compare and contrast cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation. Select all answers that are roles played by microorganisms in our environment. Select the correct statement. Although photosynthesis is most commonly associated with plants, microbial photosynthesis is also a significant supplier of chemical energy, fueling many diverse ecosystems. Click to see a larger image. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Section: 24.02 Topic: Microbial Ecology True … Oxygenic photosynthesis is more efficient than … not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. Although most bacteria using Calvin cycle alternatives are chemoautotrophic, certain green sulfur photoautotrophic bacteria have been also shown to use an alternative CO2 fixation pathway. Figure 6. D) A, B, C are all correct E) two of A, B, C are correct The high-energy electron from PSII is passed to an ETS, which generates a proton motive force for ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis, and ultimately replaces the electron lost by the PSI reaction center. (b) A photosynthetic prokaryote has infolded regions of the plasma membrane that function like thylakoids. Upon passing of the PSII reaction center electron to the ETS that connects PSII and PSI, the lost electron from the PSII reaction center is replaced by the splitting of water. Oxygenic respiration developed before anoxygenic respiration in microbes. Photosynthesis also applies to other organisms besides green plants. Why would an organism perform cyclic phosphorylation instead of noncyclic phosphorylation? True In this section, we will focus on microbial photosynthesis. If the cell requires both ATP and NADPH for biosynthesis, then it will carry out noncyclic photophosphorylation. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and either NADPH or NADH to temporarily store energy. A pollen nucleus fertilizes the ovum to produce the embryo. Light harvesting (LH) pigments absorb light energy, converting it to chemical energy. Because photosynthetic bacteria commonly grow in competition for sunlight, each type of photosynthetic bacteria is optimized for harvesting the wavelengths of light to which it is commonly exposed, leading to stratification of microbial communities in aquatic and soil ecosystems by light quality and penetration. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site (a) PSI and PSII are found on the thylakoid membrane. 2. The excited PSI reaction center electron is used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and is replaced by the electron exiting the ETS. Cellular respiration is a series of reduction reactions while photosynthesis is a series of oxidation reactions. A. Dhingra et al. Within the chloroplast is a third membrane that forms stacked, disc-shaped photosynthetic structures called thylakoids (Figure 8.20). The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (left) convert light energy into chemical energy, forming ATP and NADPH. Correct sentence in your writings can cater well for the purpose, but obtaining this correctness is nowadays redefined through our online software grammar tool. Which of the following is not a true statement regarding photosynthesis? The enzyme responsible for CO2 fixation during the Calvin cycle is called ________. Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. Light harvesting (LH) pigments absorb light energy, converting it to chemical energy. Think you know enough … If a cell’s need for ATP is significantly greater than its need for NADPH, it may bypass the production of reducing power through cyclic photophosphorylation. Different photosynthetic organisms use different mixtures of, to the intermembrane space of the chloroplast. "Enhanced Translation of a Chloroplast-Expressed. true. 1) Which of the following is true about photosynthesis? ... Chloroplast = Location for the cellular process of photosynthesis. Choose all of the correct statements below regarding how algae photosynthesis and respiration on the pH of their environment O As algae perform photosynthesis, they will consume CO2 from their environment and cause the pH of the solution to increase O CO2 consumed by algae during photosynthesis will cause a decrease … (b) A photosynthetic prokaryote has infolded regions of the plasma membrane that function like thylakoids. Easy. The Calvin-Benson cycle (named for Melvin Calvin [1911â1997] and Andrew Benson [1917â2015]), the biochemical pathway used for fixation of CO2, is located within the cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria and in the stroma of eukaryotic chloroplasts. In the light-independent reactions, the chemical energy produced by the light-dependent reactions is used to drive the assembly of sugar molecules using CO2; however, these reactions are still light dependent because the products of the light-dependent reactions necessary for driving them are short-lived. When the cellâs ATP needs outweigh those for NADPH, cyanobacteria and plants will use only PSI, and its reaction center electron is passed to the ETS to generate a proton motive force used for ATP synthesis. The energy is passed from one LH pigment to another until it reaches a reaction center (RC) pigment, exciting an electron. These chloroplasts are enclosed by a double membrane with inner and outer layers. The types of pigment molecules found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are, Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells, http://cnx.org/contents/e42bd376-624b-4c0f-972f-e0c57998e765@4.2, Describe the function and locations of photosynthetic pigments in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, Describe the major products of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, Describe the reactions that produce glucose in a photosynthetic cell, Compare and contrast cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and either NADPH or NADH to temporarily store energy. C. Heterotrophs synthesize their own food. All of the following statements regarding photosynthesis are true, except: A. The light-harvesting complex consists of multiple proteins and associated pigments that each may absorb light energy and, thus, become excited. True. Spatial separation of carbon dioxide fixation and RUBISCO activity in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of C 4 plants respectively avoids … Answer b. Question 53 2 pts Plants and animals exchange materials through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. If the cell requires both ATP and NADPH for biosynthesis, then it will carry out noncyclic photophosphorylation. Access the answers to hundreds of Microbiology questions that are explained in … The PSI reaction center electron is used to make NADPH. The flow of electrons in this way is called the Z-scheme. However, when other reduced compounds serve as the electron donor, oxygen is not generated; these types of photosynthesis are called anoxygenic photosynthesis. Only PSI is used during cyclic photophosphorylation; the high-energy electron of the PSI reaction center is passed to an ETS carrier and then ultimately returns to the oxidized PSI reaction center pigment, thereby reducing it. Which of the following is not a step in the light dependent reactions? [1] However, besides its prevalent use in photoautotrophs, the Calvin cycle is also used by many nonphotosynthetic chemoautotrophs to fix CO2. Once the light harvesting complex transfers the energy to the reaction center, the reaction center delivers its high-energy electrons, one by one, to an electron carrier in an electron transport system, and electron transfer through the ETS is initiated. The types of pigment molecules found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are ________ and ________. Photosystems have been classified into two types: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) (Figure 8.23). Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. 27) Which of the following statements are TRUE? In all phototrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside a chloroplast, an organelle that arose in eukaryotes by endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic bacterium (see Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells). E) All of the answers are correct. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or thiosulfate (S2O32â)(S2O32â) can serve as the electron donor, generating elemental sulfur and sulfate (SO42â)(SO42â) ions, respectively, as a result. Both photosystems are excited by light energy simultaneously. -the oxaloacetic acid that accepts the acetyl group is regenerated, enabling the cyclic nature of this process. Microbiology. Photosynthetic pigments within the photosynthetic membranes are organized into photosystems, each of which is composed of a light-harvesting (antennae) complex and a reaction center. 2-ATP is a common intermediate between catabolic and anabolic pathways. We regularly witness the content demands of the world and all these needs deserve having quality content too. Both photosystems are excited by light energy simultaneously. (b) When both ATP and NADPH are required, noncyclic photophosphorylation (in cyanobacteria and plants) provides both. If false, make it a correct statement. Pigments reflect or transmit the wavelengths they cannot absorb, making them appear the corresponding color. By having mixtures of pigments, an organism can absorb energy from more wavelengths. (credit: scale bar data from Matt Russell. This energy is transferred from one pigment molecule to another until eventually (after about a millionth of a second) it is delivered to the reaction center. The site in a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell where photosynthesis occurs is the. For photosynthesis to continue, the electron lost from the reaction center pigment must be replaced. Ultimately, the electron is used to produce NADH or NADPH. Once the light harvesting complex transfers the energy to the reaction center, the reaction center delivers its high-energy electrons, one by one, to an electron carrier in an electron transport system, and electron transfer through the ETS is initiated. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book Choose the statement that best describes how bacteria respond … What is the function of photosynthetic pigments in the light-harvesting complex? covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is an important anabolic process, which occurs in green plants and certain photosynthetic bacteria and algae species. It is non-motile and grows best at 28°C. Get help with your Microbiology homework. A reduced molecule (H2A) donates an electron, replacing electrons to the electron-deficient RC pigment. Figure 3. citation tool such as, Authors: Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster. Photosynthetic membranes in prokaryotes, by contrast, are not organized into distinct membrane-enclosed organelles; rather, they are infolded regions of the plasma membrane. These chloroplasts are enclosed by a double membrane with inner and outer layers. 14. Answer b. In prokaryotes, in which direction are hydrogen ions pumped by the electron transport system of photosynthetic membranes? Membership Levels; Education/Training In cyanobacteria, for example, these infolded regions are also referred to as thylakoids. Carbon dioxide and water are reactants in photosynthesis and products of cellular respiration. Many of these carbohydrates are produced by photosynthesis, the biochemical process by which phototrophic organisms convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. The electron flow described here is referred to as the Z-scheme (shown in yellow in [a]). This high-energy electron is lost from the RC pigment and passed through an electron transport system (ETS), ultimately producing NADH or NADPH and ATP. Photosynthesis always results in the formation of oxygen. 22) _____ A) The possibility of contamination was removed. Up to this point, only energy—not electrons—has been transferred between molecules. However, when other reduced compounds serve as the electron donor, oxygen is not generated; these types of photosynthesis are called anoxygenic photosynthesis. B. Examples of photosynthetic pigments (molecules used to absorb solar energy) are bacteriochlorophylls (green, purple, or red), carotenoids (orange, red, or yellow), chlorophylls (green), phycocyanins (blue), and phycoerythrins (red). By having mixtures of pigments, an organism can absorb energy from more wavelengths. ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms Blooms Level: 1.
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